The spay procedure is routinely performed on female dogs and cats. The operation consists of the surgical removal of the ovaries and the uterus. Spaying before the first heat can reduce the incidence of tumors and breast cancer and eliminate the development of uterine infections.

The neuter procedure is also routinely performed on male dogs and cats. The operation consists of the surgical removal of the testes. Neutering can have a calming effect on some males. It reduces the incidence of prostatic hyperplasia and the development of various cancers.

Spaying and neutering helps reduce the numbers of stray animals and contributes to the reduction of euthanasia practices in many animal shelters. Both procedures help reduce a pet's future medical expenses by avoiding problems related to their reproductive systems.